SQUIB. A round fired that has insufficient power to drive the bullet completely thru (and out) of the barrel. Dangerous as a second normal power load could be driven into the stuck round and potentially cause an explosion of the barrel and/or slide and frame.
No 100% detection method for the consumer other than dis-assembly prior to firing. Individual cartridges can be weighed to hopefully separate a no powder load from the rest (only the primer to power the bullet into the bore). But real difficult with pistol size cases as just the differences between brass and bullet weights may be near equal to the weight of the powder load. A simple low powder charge where some powder is there but maybe less than minimum load necessary for the bullet to clear the barrel would not normally be detectable by weight for same reason. Rifle cartridges are slightly more apt to be detected due to the larger weight of the powder charge. Also could be right amount but wrong powder. Not detectable unless disassembled. However, if suspected I would not fire that ammo batch. If you are getting squibs, then there is no comfort level assurance you will not also encounter a double charged load from the same source.
During a course of fire a squid may be detected by differences in sound or felt recoil, lack of new hole in a target...after being fired. But if it occurs during a rapid fire string, you may not have time to realize the problem prior to making another trigger pull. Your 'bad'.
Squibs can happen with commercial as well as reloader ammo. Only the reputation of the product and brand for a confidence level. But, you might be the first case to detect a problem. Weighing each round is an option that may work, at least better than nothing, but do not count on it being reliable. A 9mm case does not hold a lot of powder so small differences may not show up. If these are range reloads with cast bullets, any difference in weight may mean nothing as far as the powder levels. They are probably using near a minumum powder power charge in their reloads so even 1grain low may cause a squib. Brass and bullet differences would be greater. Complaints and spread the word short of being banned from the range is you only option if you have to use their ammo.
The squib in itself will not damage a barrel if removed prior to firing another round through the barrel. As the squib was a result of insufficient pressure to push the bullet through the barrel there is nothing to have damaged or stressed the barrel. Most chance of barrel damage is if a hard steel rod is used to drive out the stuck round and scrapes into the bore or rifling. Aluminum, brass, any soft metal or even steel if absolutely no other choice and the rod is correctly sized and smoothed with rounded edges. The stuck bullet will not damage the bore wwhen moved, it is just going a lot slower than if fired. In your circumstances, best not to do any rapid fire if ammo is questionable. Wear good shooting glasses and recommend shooting gloves along with the ear plugs.
Other cartridge problems may be detected visually: missing, raised or damaged primers; damaged or deformed cases; deformed bullets; setback; improper crimp; wrong caliber, etc.
If you are the loader/maker, observe the powder charge in the cases during assembly. No distractions. When any doubts, dis-assemble or safely discard if dis-assembly is not a safe option. If you weighed the individual cases and bullets prior to loading and sorted by weight, you might have a good chance of detecting a completed no powder cartridge. A bit low or incorrect powder - not really without dis-assembly.
During some large caliber munitions testing for the military, we used some mega-powered X-ray equipment to check and record the powder levels and some other factors, but not sufficient contrast discrimination to detect wrong powders unless markers had been added to the powder.